Aerotoons

Early Fight Decks

Aerotoons 1 — Tue, 14 Feb 2012 22:02:36 +0000

We have all seen pictures and videos of modern aircraft carriers and the huge flight decks that enable jet aircraft to be launched and recovered but haven’t you ever wondered what the first aircraft carriers and their flight decks were like?

Eugene Ely was the first person to take off from a warship and it wasn’t even an aircraft carrier. He was launched from the front end of a cruiser (USS Birmingham) on November 14,1910.
Eugene Ely

USS Birmingham (CL-2)

So much for taking off in his underpowered aircraft, but what about landing?
This didn’t occur until two months later on January 18, 1911 when Eugene Ely landed his Curtiss pusher aboard the amored cruiser USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4). This was the first successful aircraft landing on a ship, and the first using a tailhook system designed by Hugh Robinson, the chief engineer for Curtiss Aviation.
In both cases the flight decks were simple wood ramp structures built over the cruiser’s ship decks using only partial (but not the full length) of the ship. The ships were not under way at sea either which would be the next step in the evolution of the aircraft carrier and naval aviation operations.This would not happen for more than a year later.

USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4)

May 4, 1912 Commander Charles Samson became the first man to take off from a ship which was underway when he flew his Short S-27 from the deck of the battleship HMS Hibernia which was steaming ahead at 10.5 knots. Now all that was left to do was to land while underway, which would not happen for several more years.

HMS Hibernia with takeoff ramp.

Because the take-off speed of early aircraft was so low, it was possible for an aircraft to make a very short take off when the launching ship was steaming into the wind. The Hibernia still wasn’t a true aircraft carrier and it did not have the capability to recover any aircraft after they departed.

Short S-27 departing the HMS Hibernia 1912.

On August 2, 1917 Commander Edwin H. Dunning of the British Royal Naval Air Service was the first pilot to land an aircraft (a Sopwith Pup) on a moving ship the HMS Furious. Unfortunately five days later as he attempted to land his aircraft he went over the side, where he was knocked unconcious in the cockpit and drowned, thus Dunning also has the dubious distinction of being the first person to die in an aircraft carrier landing accident.

E.H. Dunning landing a Sopwith Pup

HMS Furious

The HMS Furious was a modified cruiser and note that the flight deck still isn’t the full length of the ship.

HMS Argus

The first aircraft carrier that began to show the configuration of the modern vessel was the converted liner HMS Argus which was launched in 1917. It had a large flat wooden deck added over the entire length of the hull, giving a combined landing and take-off deck unobstructed by a superstructure.

The ship’s flight deck was 549 feet long with a ship’s beam of 68 feet. The Argus also had 330 feet (100.6 m) long, 48–68 feet (14.6–20.7 m) wide, and 16 feet (4.9 m) high hangar deck with two aircraft lifts.
The lack of a superstructure command position and funnel were considered unsatisfactory, and the Argus was used to experiment with various ideas to remedy the solution. It was found that some early aircraft naturally yawed to port (left) on take-off; therefore, superstructures were placed on the starboard (right) side of ships to avoid the potential risk of colliding with the structure and so this became the typical aircraft carrier arrangement and was used in future carrier designs.

USS Langley

It is interesting to note that the first U.S. Carrier, USS Langley, launched in 1920 also had a flat deck with no superstructure.
The Langley was similar in size to the Argus, with a length of 542 ft (165 m) and a beam of 65 ft 5 in. (19.94 m).
The Langley only had one aircraft lift and one catapult but it was the Navy’s official entry into the era of the aircraft carrier.
In both ships, the hangar deck was the strength deck and flight decks were wood, usually considered part of the superstructure.

The HMS Hermes was the world’s first ship to be designed and built as an aircraft carrier. She was launched September 11, 1919. Prior to this time all aircraft carriers were conversions of existing ships. Carrier evolution was well underway by the mid-1920′s with armored and angled decks still to come.

HMS Hermes

What is it?

Aerotoons 1 — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 16:57:14 +0000

If you guessed the Ball-Bartoe JW-1 Jetwing, then you would be correct! I recently visited the “Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Musuem” where this aircraft was on display.
It was a US research aircraft designed by Otto E. “Pete” Bartoe in the 1970s to investigate “blown wing” technology. Bartoe reasoned that if jet engine air could be ducted and blown over the wing, the increased airflow would increase lift which would allow for smaller wings enabling higher speeds. A “blown wing” could also fly slow enough (thanks to increased lift) to operate from unimproved runways and aircraft carriers.
The aircraft is a small mid-wing design powered by a Pratt & Whitney turbofan and fitted with a conventional landing gear. Engine air is exhausted just outside the fuselage through slots in the top skins of both wings and directed aft by vanes in a duct through slots on the leading edges. (About 70% of the wingspan was bathed from the engine’s fan stage discharge air.) Mounted above the main wing was an small “augmentor” wing; exhaust gases passed through the slot between the two wings which caused the lower pressure in the slot to draw in more air which increased lift. At the trailing edge, large flaps rotated and extended up to 52 degrees. They remained in contact with the top skin and made use of the Coanda effect, in which airflow bends to follow a curved surface. With the flaps down, the “bend” in the airstream provided downward thrust and enabled the Jetwing to fly as slow as 40 mph (64 km/h).
The Jetwing first flew in 1977, at Mojave, California, with Lockheed test pilot Harold “Fish” Salmon at the controls. The blown-wing configuration generated more than twice the lift of a conventional wing of the same area. The Jetwing flew slowly enough that Bartoe could use his Super Cub as a chase plane.

Specifications Bell Bartoe JW-1 Jetwing
• Crew: 1
• Length: 29 ft 0 in (8.84 m)
• Wingspan: 21 ft 9 in (6.63 m)
• Wing area: 105 ft2 (9.8 m2)
• Empty weight: 2,500 lb (1,134 kg)
• Gross weight: 3,336 lb (1,513 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney JT15D-1 turbofan, 2,200 lbf (9.8 kN)
• Fuel Capacity: 106-gallons, 41 minutes endurance
Performance
• Maximum speed: 400 (347 Kt) mph (644 km/h)
• Minimum speed: 40 mph (64 km/h).
• Range: 120 nmi (220 km) miles ( km)

70th Anniversary, Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941

Aerotoons 1 — Wed, 07 Dec 2011 16:02:33 +0000

“…a date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan…” – Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Today is the 70th anniversary of the attack at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and we should all remember the great sacrifices that the men and women of the armed services have incurred for our freedom!

Toys, Toys, Toys!

Aerotoons 1 — Wed, 30 Nov 2011 19:50:22 +0000

Can you imagine getting a pedal airplane for Christmas?! We were recently at the “Wings Over the Rockies Air Museum” in Denver and if you ever get the chance make sure you stop in and visit them. These pedal toys are just some of the airplanes they have on display.

“Lucky Penny”

Aerotoons 1 — Sun, 30 Oct 2011 19:10:59 +0000

I recently learned that there is a tradition of placing a penny in the drain cover of Pratt & Whitney radial engines, a practice started back in the 1930′s. As traditions and myths go nobody really knows why or exactly when the practice started but it is still done to this day.

Interestingly enough, the drain cover is the perfect size for a penny to fit into, but that is just by coincidence and not by design. Why would anyone place a penny there at all? Perhaps simply to date the time of overhaul or just for good luck but at any rate some of the drain covers are hard to see, especially in the R-985′s (you have to look under the bottom front of the engine).
I decided to see for myself if this tradition is really true so yesterday when I was at the airport I saw a fellow working on his Ag Cat and I decided to take a look to see if there was a penny in his drain cover. His engine didn’t have one but he pointed to a freshly overhauled engine in the back of the hangar which did. Just to make sure that indeed a penny would fit in the cover I placed one there and sure enough it fit! It was a tight fit, and not easy to remove, but I can say that the myth is “confirmed”. I wonder how many other engines out there have pennies on them?……

Tiedown Knots To Secure Your Airplane

Aerotoons 1 — Tue, 27 Sep 2011 22:21:01 +0000

Did you ever arrive at your destination airport and discover that you really don’t know how to properly tie down the airplane? If so, take a look at these easy to tie knots and with a little practice you will be ready the next time you tie your airplane down.
There are different kinds of knots one can tie, but I have chosen to illustrate the two most commonly used, the bowline and the double locking half hitch.
Obviously the type of lines available at different tiedown spots are varied but chains offer the best security followed by nylon rope with at least 3000-pound breaking strength (1/2″ diameter) for singles and 4000-pound breaking strength for light twins.

Double Locking Half Hitch

It is important to never tie the lines directly to the struts but instead use the tie down rings provided. Ropes can easily slip to a point where even slight side pressures can damage them. Allow for about an inch of movement “play” when the lines are tightened but be careful not to overtighten as this could exert inverted flight stresses on the aircraft.
The tiedown lines should also be angled forward from the wings to the anchor spot and aft from the tail to the anchor spot. This will give the best protection and security to hold down the aircraft.
Double Locking Half Hitch- The animation at the left shows the first set of half hitches being tied, a second set (identical to the first) should be tied about six inches to one foot below the first to complete the knot.
• Run the line through the tiedown ring from the back of the airplane to the front.
• Circle the line under, then over, the aft line, then through and behind the loop (front line) for the first half hitch.
• Repeat and circle the line again under the aft line, then over and in front of the just created half hitch, then through and behind the front line loop.
• Pull down to lock the first set of half hitches and then tie a second set 6-12″ lower to complete the tiedown knot.

Bowline

Bowline- The animation at the left shows the bowline knot, it should be tied about six to twelve inches below the tiedown ring.
• Run the line through the tiedown ring from the back of the airplane to the front.
• Create a loop on the aft line by twisting a section of rope backwards towards you so that the loop faces the front of the airplane and the aft line (running down to the ground) is behind the line (running up to the tiedown ring).
• Thread the line through and over the loop just created, then under the aft line, circle it back around and over the aft line.
• Finish the knot by threading the line back through the loop and pull it tight.
Don’t forget to set the brakes and install the gust locks if you intend to leave the aircraft for the night or extended period of time. Hopefully these knots will serve you well and if you would like more information about securing your aircraft take a look at the Federal Aviation Administration’s circular AC20-35C “Tiedown Sense”.
Click here to get the FAA Tiedown Sense advisory circular AC20-35C.

WWII Ends 66 Years Ago- August 15, 1945

Aerotoons 1 — Mon, 15 Aug 2011 15:22:22 +0000

66 years ago today (August 15) Japanese Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address to the nation of Japan, called the Gyokuon-hōsō (“Jewel Voice Broadcast”), announcing the surrender of Japan. Later on September 2nd, 1945, the formal surrender ceremony was held aboard the USS Missouri (BB-63) in Tokyo Bay which included a huge flyover of U.S. Naval and Army aircraft said to have numbered at around 1900 aircraft.

Here the Japanese delicates await aboard the Missouri for ceremony to begin; General Douglas MacAurthor conducts the proceedings on behalf of the United States.

A plaque placed on the deck of the USS Missouri commerates the spot where the declaration was signed on September 2, 1945.

Balloons in the Civil War?

Aerotoons 1 — Wed, 13 Jul 2011 19:45:55 +0000

When I think about manned- hot air balloons images of the October “Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta” which started in 1972 comes to mind, but did you know that ballooning has been around for a long time?
Although the first recorded manned flight was made in a hot air balloon built by the Montgolfier brothers on November 21, 1783, I was amazed when I found out that balloons were used in the U.S. Civil War! In fact, July 16, 2011 is the 150th anniversary of manned reconnaissance balloon flights of the U.S. Civil War.
Professor T. S. C. Lowe became the father of aerial reconnaisance and successfully demonstrated the usefulness of the balloon for military purposes to Abraham Lincoln in July of 1861. Lowe met with President Abraham Lincoln on July 11, 1861, and proposed a demonstration with his own balloon, the Enterprise, from the lawn of the armory directly across the street from the White House. From a height of 500 feet (150 m) he telegraphed a message to the President describing his view of the Washington, D.C., countryside. Eventually he was chosen over other candidates to be chief aeronaut of the newly formed Union Army Balloon Corps.
Lowe (pictured on the left) is said to have been accompanied by President Lincoln the next day on a flight but this is unconfirmed.
The Union Army Balloon Corps served the Army from October 1861 until the summer of 1863.
A first in the history of warfare occured on September 24, 1861, Lowe ascended to more than 1,000 feet (305 meters) near Arlington, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, DC, and began telegraphing intelligence on the Confederate troops located at Falls Church, Virginia, more than three miles (4.8 kilometers) away. Union guns were aimed and fired accurately at the Confederate troops without actually being able to see them.
Seven balloons in all were made for the Balloon Corps, they were: Intrepid, Constitution, United States, Washington, Eagle, Excelsior, and the original Union. The balloons ranged in size from 32,000 cubic feet (906 cubic meters) down to 15,000 cubic feet (425 cubic meters). Each had enough cable to climb 5,000 feet (1524 meters).
The balloons were constructed in Philadelphia using India silk and cotton cording. The envelopes were then varnished so that they would be leakproof and would stay inflated for up to 2 weeks.
At first the balloons of the day were inflated at municipal coke gas supply stations and were towed inflated by ground crews to the field. (Coke gas is derived from burning soft coal and contains hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide.) Lowe recognized the need for the development of portable hydrogen gas generators, by which the balloons could be filled in remote areas.
Hydrogen gas generators designed by Lowe, were built at the Washington Navy Yard by master joiners who fashioned them using copper plumbing and tanks which, when filled with sulfuric acid and iron filings, would yield hydrogen gas. They were designed to be loaded into box crates that could easily fit on a standard buckboard. (Usually each balloon was accompanied by two gas generators.)
It should not come to anyone’s surprise that the Confederate Army noticed the success of balloon reconnaisance and had three balloons of their own as well. Lacking the gas generators of the Union Army their first balloons were made of the Montgolfier rigid style: cotton stretched over wood framing and filled with hot smoke from fires made of oil-soaked pine cones. They were piloted by Captain John R. Bryan beginning in 1862. Two additional balloons called “Silk Dress Balloons” were constructed of silk dress fabric in 1862 but by 1863 both had been captured by Union troops.
For all its success, the Balloon Corps was never fully appreciated by the military community. They were still regarded as “break-necked carnival showmen” and none of the aeronauts had military commissions. The only ones who found any value in them were the generals whose jobs and reputations were on the line. Finally by August 1, 1863 the Balloon Corps was no longer in use.

Have a Great 4th of July Weekend!

Aerotoons 1 — Sat, 02 Jul 2011 12:30:25 +0000

Flying On Instruments

Aerotoons 1 — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:12:50 +0000

Instrument flying is a common occurrence today but it wasn’t always so. In 1929 James Doolittle, most famous for the WWII “Doolittle Raid”, became the first pilot to takeoff, fly, and land an aircraft based solely by reference to flight instruments with no outside visual views. He also helped develop the artificial horizon and directional gyroscope. These accomplishments made all-weather airline and general aviation operations practical.
Typically any time the daytime weather that doesn’t meet VFR (visual flying rules) minimums of 3 statute miles flight visibility, cloud clearances of 500′ below, 1,000′ above, and 2,000′ feet horizontally requires a pilot to follow instrument flight rules (IFR). Many general aviation aircraft have all of the flight instruments required to fly in less than perfect weather but what instruments do they use?

The illustration above shows the basic cockpit instruments used for instrument flying. Since 1953 they have been grouped in this “basic T” or “six pack” arrangement and are as follows:
(Starting with the top left and going from left to right)
Airpseed indicator- The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft’s speed. It measures ram air collected at the pitot tube compared to static pressure from a static port to give an airspeed indication.
Attitude Indicator- The attitude indicator (also known as an artificial horizon) shows the aircraft’s attitude in pitch and bank relative to the horizon. It is usually powered by vacuum from an engine driven vacuum pump but some can be electrically powered as well.
Altimeter- The altimeter shows the aircraft’s altitude above sea-level by measuring the difference between the pressure in a stack of aneroid capsules inside the altimeter and the atmospheric pressure obtained through the static system. It is adjustable for local barometric pressure which must be set correctly to obtain accurate altitude readings.
Turn/ Slip Indicator- The turn indicator displays direction of turn and rate of turn. Internally mounted inclinometer displays ‘quality’ of turn, i.e. whether the turn is correctly coordinated, as opposed to an uncoordinated turn, wherein the aircraft would be in either a slip or a skid. The original turn and bank indicator was replaced in the late 1960s and early ’70s by the newer turn coordinator, which is responsive to roll as well as rate of turn. Usually these are electrically powered.
Directional Gyro- The heading indicator (also known as the directional gyro, or DG; sometimes also called the gyrocompass, ) displays the aircraft’s heading with respect to geographical north. These are usually vacuum powered.
Vertical Speed Indicator- The VSI senses changing air pressure, and displays that information to the pilot as a rate of climb or descent in feet per minute.